What is a common acute effect of nitrate contamination in drinking water?

The acute effects of nitrate contamination in drinking water are particularly concerning because of the way nitrates can affect the body's ability to transport oxygen. When infants consume water or formula containing elevated levels of nitrates, the nitrates convert to nitrites in the body. Nitrites bind with hemoglobin to form methemoglobin, which impairs the blood's ability to carry oxygen effectively. This condition is known as methemoglobinemia or "blue baby syndrome." One of the primary symptoms associated with this condition is shortness of breath, especially in infants where even slight levels of nitrite can result in significant health issues.

The other options represent different health concerns that can arise from various contaminants or conditions, but they are not specifically associated with the acute effects of nitrate contamination in water. Understanding the metabolic impact of high nitrate levels is crucial for recognizing the symptoms and facilitating early intervention.