What three steps are involved in the coagulation-flocculation process?

The coagulation-flocculation process is essential in water treatment for removing suspended particles and pathogens. The correct answer highlights three key steps that are fundamental to this process.

Coagulant formation involves the addition of chemical agents, known as coagulants, to the water. These agents are typically metal salts, such as aluminum sulfate or ferric chloride. When added to water, they interact with suspended particles, promoting the aggregation of these particles into larger masses or flocs.

Particle destabilization is the next crucial step, where the zeta potential of particles is neutralized by the coagulant, facilitating the aggregation process. This destabilization allows the particles to come together rather than remaining dispersed throughout the water.

The final step, inter-particle collision, occurs as the newly formed flocs precipitate and settle out of the water. During this stage, the larger particles bump into each other and create even larger aggregates, which can then be more easily removed through subsequent processes such as sedimentation.

This multi-step process is vital for ensuring that the water is adequately treated and free from harmful contaminants before it is distributed for consumption. Understanding these three components is essential for anyone involved in the operation and management of water treatment facilities.