Which type of filter operates without the use of coagulation in pretreatment?

The slow sand filter is designed to operate without the need for coagulation as a pretreatment step. This type of filter relies on a natural biological process where microorganisms develop on the surface of the sand layer, creating a biological layer known as the “schmutzdecke.” This layer helps to trap and remove contaminants from the water as it slowly passes through the sand.

The design and operation of slow sand filters allow for effective removal of pathogens and turbidity through physical and biological mechanisms, making coagulation unnecessary. As water flows through these filters, the gradual movement allows for sufficient contact time for the biological processes to take place, enhancing the filter's effectiveness.

Other types of filters, such as rapid sand filters, membrane filters, and carbon filters, may require preliminary treatments like coagulation to improve their efficiency in removal of suspended solids and microorganisms. In contrast, slow sand filters' reliance on the biological layer eliminates the need for such pretreatment processes, making them distinct in their operational capability.